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Марс
Марс е четвртата планета од Сонцето со просечна оддалеченост од 227.940.000 km . Дијаметарот му е 6794 km и е седма планета според големина.Температурата на површината се движи од 140 К (-133°С) на половите во зима, до 300 К (27 °С) преку ден во текот на летото..Првото вселенско летало кое го посетило е Mariner 4 во 1965, по што следела уште серија други меѓу кои и Mars 2, првото сонда која слетала на Марс. Други поуспешни мисии на Марс се двете летала Viking од 1976, како и Mars Pathfinder од 1997.
Орбитата на Марс е значително елиптична. Тоа резултира со промена на температурата од 30°C во афел и перихел. Ова има големо влијание на климата. Додека просечната температура е 218 К (-55°С), температурата на површината се движи од 140 К (-133°С) на половите во зима, до 300 К (27 °С) преку ден во текот на летото.
Иако Марс е многу помала од Земјата, копнената површина и е приближно иста како на Земјата (заради водените површини на Земјата).Освен Земјата, Марс е има најразнолик и најинтересен релјеф од сите планети од земјин тип. Поинтересните области се:
- Olimpus Mons: највисоката планина во Сончевиот Систем, 21 km над околната рамнина.
-Tharsis: висорамнина долга 4000 km и 10 km висока.
- Valles Marineris: систем од кањони 4000 km долг и од 2 до 7 km длабок.
- Hellas Planitia: кратер од удар на метеор во јужната хемисфера преку 6 km длабок и 2000 km во дијаметар.
ИСТРАЖУВАЧКИ ЛИСТ
1.The first man in space was Yuri Gagarin.
2.This occured on 16.04.1961.
3. The first woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova.
4.This occured in 16.06.1963.
5. The world’s first artificial satellite was Sputnik.
6. This occured in October 4, 1957.
7. He was the third American to fly around the earth in space. He was the first American and second person to orbit the earth. Later he served as a United States Senator from Ohio (1974 - 1999).
In 1998 he returned to space at the age of 77 on the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-95), becoming the oldest man ever to go in space. This was an 'experiment' to test the effects of going into space on an aging person. (It had been discovered that going into space showed signs of premature aging).
8. He is the "father" of rocket science and invented the first working rocket.
9. International Space Station, the Ares and Orion components of the Constellation program, the Herschel and Planck space telescopes of the European Space Agency, and the Japanese Space Agency's moon-orbiting probe Selene.
10. International Space Station draws upon the scientific and technological resources of 16 nations: Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the European Space Agency and Brazil, The Orion spacecraft would have been launched into a low Earth orbit using the Ares I rocket, developed by Alliant Techsystems, Rocketdyne, and Boeing,The Orion Mars mission plan for NASA's Constellation program is a manned mission with the intent to land humans on Mars in the 2030s. Originally the ultimate goal of NASA's Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in the 1960s, the Orion Mars Mission would utilize the hardware, primarily the Orion spacecraft (or a variation based on the Orion), and the Ares V cargo-launch vehicle, along with methods of carrying out the mission, which would be developed onboard the International Space Station and the planned Lunar Outpost which is to be set up on the surface of the Moon after 2020, Planck is a space observatory launched in 2009 designed to observe the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over the entire sky, using high sensitivity and angular resolution, The Herschel Space Observatory is a European Space Agency space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre wavebands. It is the largest space telescope ever launched, carrying a single mirror of 3.5 meter in diameter,SELENE better known in Japan by its nickname Kaguya after the legendary Japanese moon princess, was the second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft.
11. The first American in space was Alan B. Shepard (November 18, 1923 - July 21, 1998) , who flew a sub-orbital flight on May 5, 1961, becoming the second human to fly in space. He also walked on the moon during the flight of Apollo 14 in 1971. He was the first person to hit a golf ball on the moon!
12. American Neil Armstrong has become the first man to walk on the Moon.
13. On July 20, 1969
14:Skylab
15:May 14th, 1973
16:E-3 DSLR (to raise awareness for environmental protection)
17:The book 2001:A space Oddysey Arthur Clarke opened a lot of questions and closed many. It is a Sci-fi book and it slowly becomes just science. The possible travels in space in this book are by space shuttle which rotates on some side for artificial gravity.
18:Living in space is not the same as living on Earth. Many things are different. Our bodies change in space. The way we stay clean and neat is different too. Learn how astronauts stay strong, clean and neat.
Staying Strong
Astronaut on a treadmill in space
Image above: An astronaut walks on a treadmill to stay strong and healthy
Living in space is not the same as living on Earth. In space, astronauts' bodies change. On Earth, our lower body and legs carry our weight. This helps keep our bones and muscles strong. In space, astronauts float. They do not use their legs much. Their lower backs begin to lose strength. Their leg muscles do too. The bones begin to get weak and thin. This is very bad for astronauts' bodies. So, how do astronauts help their muscles and bones? They must exercise in space every day.
The heart and blood change in space, too. When we stand up on Earth, blood goes to our legs. The heart has to work extra hard against gravity to move the blood all around the body. In space, without the pull of gravity, the blood moves to the upper body and head. Water in the body also does the same thing. It makes the astronauts' faces look puffy. The blood and water are fluids in the body. These fluids move from the bottom of the body to the top. The brain thinks that there are too many fluids. It will tell the body to make less. When the astronauts come back to Earth, they do not have enough fluids in their systems. It takes their bodies a few days to make more blood and water. The astronauts have to rest so their bodies have time to make new blood and water. If they don't, they can feel very weak. They might even faint!
Staying Clean
Astronaut brushes teeth while in space
Image above: An astronaut brushes his teeth while in space
On Earth, people need to stay clean. In space, astronauts need to stay clean, too. Staying clean takes more work in space. In space, the astronauts do not have a bathroom as we have at home. But, they do have their own toothbrushes, toothpaste, combs, brushes, and shavers. These are kept in a Personal Hygiene Kit.
Astronauts use toothpaste and toothbrushes just like yours. There is no sink like yours on the Space Shuttle, though. Astronauts have to spit into a washcloth.
People take baths a different way in space, too. Astronauts use special kinds of soap and shampoo. These soaps do not need water to rinse. Astronauts must use them carefully. They do not let the soap bubbles go all over the place. After washing, they use a towel to dry off. They do not rinse. These special soaps and shampoos were made for hospitals. Patients who cannot get in the water use these soaps.
Staying Neat
Doing chores is not always a fun thing. But we have to keep our rooms and houses clean and neat. In space, astronauts live in a very small space. They have to keep their area clean in space just like we do on Earth.
In space, the astronauts wipe the walls, floors, and windows to keep them clean. They use a soap that kills germs. The astronauts also use wet wipes to wash things. They use the same kind of wipes and cleanser on their forks, spoons, and eating trays.
Astronauts have to take out the garbage, too. There are four trash bins on the Space Shuttle. Three are for dry trash and one is for wet trash. Wet trash is anything that could smell bad. Each trash container has a trash liner placed inside. It is like a plastic garbage bag. If the liner becomes full, it is closed. Then it is moved far away from the astronauts. The wet trash is closed up tight. It is then connected to a hose. The hose helps move bad smells away from the astronauts.
Astronauts must use a vacuum cleaner in space. The vacuum has a normal hose. It also has extra parts. These parts can clean areas that may be hard to reach. They also use it to keep dust out of the air filters. And sometimes things get loose. When things get loose, they float. Astronauts use the vacuum to "catch" floating objects that are out of their reach.(from NASA.com)
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